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<title>Alphonse Chapanis</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alphonse Chapanis</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Alphonse Chapanis</b> (March 17, 1917 – October 4, 2002) was an American pioneer in the field of <a href="Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a>, and is widely considered one of the fathers of <a href="Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">ergonomics or human factors</a> – the science of ensuring that <a href="Design" title="Design">design</a> takes account of human characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div>

<p>Chapanis received a PhD in <a href="Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> from <a href="Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>He was notably active in improving <a href="Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">aviation safety</a> around the time of <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, although his career covered a wide range of domains and applications.

</p><p>One of his major contributions was <a href="Shape_coding" title="Shape coding">shape coding</a> in the aircraft <a href="Cockpit" title="Cockpit">cockpit</a>. After a series of runway crashes of the <a href="Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress</a>, Chapanis found that certain cockpit controls were confused with each other, due partly to their proximity and similarity of shape. Particularly, the controls for <a href="Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">flaps</a> and <a href="Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">landing gear</a> were confused, the consequences of which could be severe. Chapanis proposed attaching a wheel to the end of the landing gear control and a triangle to the end of the flaps control, to enable them to be easily distinguished by touch alone. Thereafter for that aircraft there were no further instances of the landing gear being mistakenly raised while the aircraft was still on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This particular shape-coding of the landing gear lever is still regulated for use in civil aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1949 he published the first textbook on the subject of <a href="Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">ergonomics</a>, <i>Applied Experimental Psychology: Human Factors in Engineering Design</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the 1950s, Chapanis worked with <a href="Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> on the design of <a href="Push-button_telephone" title="Push-button telephone">push-button telephone handsets</a>, conducting experiments that led to the present layout of the keys.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Joyce. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2010/april-10/alphonse-chapanis-pioneer-in-the-application-of-psychology-to-engineering-design.html">"Alphonse Chapanis: Pioneer in the Application of Psychology to Engineering Design"</a>. <a href="Association_for_Psychological_Science" title="Association for Psychological Science">Association for Psychological Science</a>.</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLavietes2002" class="citation news cs1">Lavietes, Stuart (2002-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/15/obituaries/15CHAP.html">"Alphonse Chapanis, a Founder of Ergonomics, Dies at 85"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSyed2015" class="citation book cs1">Syed, Mathew (2015). <i>Black Box Thinking</i>. Penguin Random House. p. 19. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-591-84822-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2021" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Robert Kyle (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Xh0EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22landing+gear%22+cockpit+%22wheel+shape%22&pg=PA605"><i>The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear</i></a>. SAE International. pp. <span class="nowrap">605–</span>606. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780768099430</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-13-me-chapanis13-story.html">"Alphonse Chapanis, 85; Professor of Brain Sciences Pioneered the Field of Ergonomics"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. October 13, 2002. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDudek1984" class="citation journal cs1">Dudek, Virginia (October 2, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-tPdHcBE9wC&q=alphonse+chapanis&pg=PA64">"Alphonse Chapanis: 'There are criteria that could be used to make things easier'"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>: 64<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>The Chapanis Chronicles</i>, 1999 (autobiography)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Human_Factor%3A_Revolutionizing_the_Way_We_Live_with_Technology" title="The Human Factor: Revolutionizing the Way We Live with Technology">The Human Factor</a></i> 2004, by <a href="Kim_Vicente" title="Kim Vicente">Kim Vicente</a> (pp. 75-76, 98-99)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/muiseum/chapanis/chapanis_page.htm">Brief Biography</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E0DE1E3AF936A25753C1A9649C8B63">Obituary on the New York Times</a></li></ul>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NuUeAQAAIAAJ&q=%22The%20Chapanis%20Chronicles%22"><i>The Chapanis Chronicles: 50 Years of Human Factors Research, Education and Design</i></a>. Aegean. 1999. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9636178-9-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

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